Two-dimensional (2D) materials have a huge potential for providing devices with much smaller size and extended functionalities with respect to what can be achieved with today’s silicon technologies. But to exploit this potential wemust be able to integrate 2D materials into semiconductor manufacturing lines – a notoriously difficult step. A team of researchers from Sweden and Germany now reports a new method to make this work. 

The technique is published in Nature Communications by researchers from KTH Royal Institute of Technology in Stockholm, in collaboration with RWTH Aachen University, Universität der Bundeswehr München, AMO GmbH and Protemics GmbH, in Germany.

The integrationof 2D materials with silicon or with a substrate with integrated electronics presents a number of challenges. “There’s always this critical step of transferring from a special growth substrate to the final substrate on which you build sensors or components,” says Arne Quellmalz, researcher in photonic microsystems at KTH and lead author of the paper.“You might want to combine a graphene photodetector for optical on-chip communication with silicon read-out electronics, but the growth temperatures of those materials is too high, so you cannot do this directly on the device substrate.”

So far, most of the experimental methods for transferring 2D materialsfrom their growth substrate to the desired electronics are either non compatible with high-volume manufacturing or lead to a significant degradation of the 2D material and of its electronic properties. The beauty of the solution proposed by Quellmalz and co-workers is that itlies in theexisting toolkitsofsemiconductor manufacturing: to use a standard dielectric material called bisbenzocyclobutene (BCB), along with conventional wafer bonding equipment.

“We basically glue the two wafers together with a resin made of BCB,”explains Quellmalz. “We heat the resin, until it becomes viscous, like honey, and press the 2D material against it.” At room temperature, the resin becomes solid and forms a stable connection between the 2D material and the wafer, he says. “To stack materials, we repeat the steps of heating and pressing. The resin becomes viscous again and behaves like a cushion, or a waterbed, which supports the layer stack and adapts to the surface of the new 2D material.”

The researchers demonstrated the transfer of graphene and molybdenum disulfide (MoS₂), as a representative for transition metal dichalcogenides, and stacked graphene with hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) and MoS₂to heterostructures. All transferred layers and heterostructures were reportedly of high quality, that is, they featured uniform coverage over up to 100-millimeter sized silicon wafers and exhibited littlestrain in the transferred 2D materials.

“Our transfer method is in principle applicable to any 2D material, independent of the size and the type of growth substrate”, says Prof. Max Lemme, from AMO GmbH and RWTH Aachen University. “And, since it relies only on tools and methods that are already common in the semiconductor industry, it could substantially accelerate the appearance on the market of a new generation of devices where 2D materials are integrated on top of conventional integrated circuits or microsystem. This work is an important step towards this goal and, although many further challenges remain, the range of potential applications is large: from photonics, to sensing, to neuromorphic computing. The integration of 2D materials could be a real game-changer for the European high-tech industry.”

“This paper is a good example of the work carried out presently by the Graphene Flagship’s 2D Experimental Pilot Line (2D-EPL)“, says Cedric Huyghebaert, program manager for exploratory materials and module integration at imec and technical leader of the 2D-EPL project. This is a €20 million project launched by the European Commission in October 2020, with the aim of bridging the gap between lab-scale manufacturing and large volume production of electronic devices based on two-dimensional materials. “One of our urgent tasks at the moment is to develop tool kits and design manuals for manufacturing devices based on 2D materials that are compatible with the standards of semiconductor industry”, says Huyghebaert. “The next step will be to demonstrate the potential of these processes for producing innovative sensors and optoelectronic devices on a pilot line.”

Bibliographic information:

“Large-area integration of two-dimensional materials and their heterostructures by wafer bonding”, A. Quellmalz, X. Wang, S. Sawallich, B. Uzlu, M. Otto, S. Wagner, Z. Wang, M. Prechtl, O. Hartwig, S. Luo, G. S. Duesberg, M. C. Lemme, K. B. Gylfason, N. Roxhed, G. Stemme, and F. Niklaus, Nature Communications 12, 917 (2021)
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-21136-0